Bob's Books

Why this book;  I had read it some 45 years ago, and then, listening to Yuval Harari’s 21 lessons for the 21st Century recently, he noted that Brave New World is more relevant today than when it was written and is continuing to increase in relevance. That intrigued me and inspired me to read it again, and to convince some of my friends to join me.

Summary in 4 sentences: This is a science fiction novel published in 1932 with the story taking place many centuries into the future in the “ideal” society that Huxley saw many in Western culture striving to attain.   The story begins with a tour of an incubation facility for artificially inseminating harvested female eggs, and then describing a process for creating multiple versions of the same genetic identity, and then how they provide the growing fetuses with more or less of critical nutrients to create various levels of motivation and intelligence – a test-tubed-created class structure and a happy and stable society.  Afterwards the story involves two individuals who are somehow dissatisfied living in a world designed and structured to make everyone happy and satisfied, always.  Then into this ideal society enters the disruption of a more primal Savage. 

My impressions: Very thought provoking.  Not great literature, and the satire is perhaps a bit corny by today’s standards, but amazingly prescient and original, given that it was first published in 1932. Though I believe Huxley was creating a parody of the ideal world to which Soviet and western Communists in the 20s and 30s aspired, these same general ideals are insidiously creeping into the ideals of Western democracies today.   Which is in part of why Yuval Harari noted that this book is of ever-increasing relevance.  

Huxley describes a world that seeks to homogenize differences in people, by taking out genetic variables through test-tube fertilization and testing, and eliminating the variable of how children are raised by different parents – no parenting is involved in procreation, nor in education.  It is all done to standard – by the state.   Genetics are managed, education and personal development is standardized, and people live by a prescribed set of cliches, proverbs and principles  that are piped into their brains as they sleep, in what are called “hypnopaedic proverbs,” from childhood through and into adulthood. People are in fact strongly discouraged from thinking about values, choices, priorities – it is all taken care of for them – by the state and the structure of their society. 

The “brave new world,” is a phrase taken from Shakespeare’s The Tempest.*   It is a world designed and structured to have the state guarantee stability, comfort and happiness as primary goods and inalienable rights of all people.  Scientific truth, progress, wisdom, or individual desires should never take precedence over stability or group happiness.  This means mitigating or eliminating stress, personal conflict, disappointment, anger, striving, etc as sources of instability, anxiety, and unhappiness.   This is the world built on the one goal of happiness and the first part of the book introduces us to it.

To create contrast and tension in the novel, one of our protagonists is permitted to take his girlfriend to  visit a  “Reservation,” a tribe of Zuni Indians living in the traditional Zuni manner in the Southwest of the US.  The trip is intended to reinforce the wonders of their own world.  There they witness ancient Zuni rituals, and the primitive state in which people live; our visitors are amazed and appalled by what they see.  They also meet a woman from their own world who was stuck there on a visit a generation ago, and the woman had been unable to adapt well to Zuni culture (the Brave New World is not strong on developing resilience.)   She longs to bring her son out of the primitive world and into the paradise she remembers from her younger years in the Brave New World.  Our protagonist succeeds in getting permission for the woman and her son to return with him. 

Upon return, the woman chooses to enter a drug induced ecstasy from which she never returns. The young adult son on the other hand, had been brought up by the Zunis to believe that manhood requires overcoming challenge and suffering, developing strength and courage, and an ability to know oneself in solitude.   He finds that these are alien concepts in the Brave New World, and the young man rebels and refuses to adapt.  Accordingly, he is seen as a curiosity, a freak and a savage.   His attempt to understand this new world becomes the confrontation between more primal human values of striving, courage, competition and understanding, and a civilization that has sought to eliminate all sources of tension, discomfort, pain, disappointment, and unhappiness.

The Grand Inquisitor. There is a key conversation near the conclusion when The Controller – the leader of a large part of the Brave New World, has a conversation with the Savage, in which he attempts to describe and explain his world. The Controller is in on the deal – he has read literature and philosophy that is forbidden to others, has a broad and rather deep understanding of human nature, and is a key architect and caretaker of this Brave New World, which he notes, fulfills the dreams of countless generations of men and women.  He is like the Grand Inquisitor in Dostoyevsky’s Brothers Karamazov.  He explains to the Savage the how and the why, the logic and the goodness of the functioning of the system.  He acknowledges that yes, there are sacrifices, but argues that they are worth it – they are the  price of stability.  The Savage won’t buy it.  He wants challenge and adversity.  He states he’d rather live in a world with the right to be unhappy. The Controller asks if he indeed wants the right “to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind?”  “I claim them all,” the Savage replies.

The Brave New World.  These are some aspects of the world Huxley describes in his novel.

Political Correctness. In Huxley’s Brave New World, any disruptions to prescribed codes or managed stability are treated as apostasy and punished.  This is a picture of “political correctness” run to its extreme – what we saw in the Soviet Union, or see in China today.  Divergent views are either “corrected” or the person expressing these views is ostracized and exiled.  Divergent views are not tolerated, nor even allowed to be expressed. 

Henry Ford They worshipped Henry Ford as the founder of the idea of efficiency above individualism. He is regarded as civilization’s savior.   “Oh, Lord” becomes “Oh Ford.”  And they borrow from Catholicism as well;  the sign of the cross as a reverential symbol becomes the sign of the “T” – in reference to the Model T.

Soma – People were given prescribed doses of Soma – a drug which calms the nerves, eliminates fear or anxiety, makes one happy and generous and good natured, and in various doses can go beyond calming to putting one in an ecstatic trance. It is always available – and those in the lower classes are given an allotment – to ensure that they continue to do their work. “Anybody can be virtuous now.  You can carry at least half your mortality about in a bottle. Christianity without tears – that’s what soma is.” p238

Sex is not to be a source of tension or unhappiness.  Monogamous relationships are strongly discouraged, since “everyone belongs to everyone else” and exclusivity can result in jealousy – a source of tension.  Promiscuity is not only encouraged, it is a cultural value.  Sex is recreational and fun – why limit it?  There are no pregnancies nor STDs to inhibit us.  And everyone is biologically healthy until it is time to die, and so the sex drive in men and women remains a source of pleasure and distraction well beyond youth. “You can’t have a lasting civilization without plenty of pleasant vices.” p237

Class and Caste – people are born into a caste – Alpha’s being the highest, Epsilons the lowest, and this is determined by how the fetuses are nourished, with nutrients and oxygen adjusted to make the resulting child more or less intelligent, motivated, capable.   A person is assigned work in life according to his/her caste and their work fits their capabilities – no stress.  People accept their place in society – there is no class tension.  This is the ideal outcome of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”  The strict class/caste structure is a fundamental source of stability.

Solitude and thinking are dangerous.  Literature and philosophy are banned because they can be  sources of confusion and alienation.  Shakespeare is banned. Our Savage had (somehow) had access to Shakespeare and quotes his works extensively in his response to what he saw in the Brave New World.  When he fell in love, his reference point was Romeo and Juliet, with predictably unhappy consequences. 

Continuous Vitality – “We give transfusions of young blood. We keep their metabolism permanently stimulated…Youth almost unimpaired till sixty, then, crack! the end.”  p111 “The mere suggestion of illness or wounds was to him not only horrifying, but even repulsive and rather disgusting.” p138

Death Children undergo “death conditioning” at a young age – exposing them to death and dying in a positive way, to pre-empt fear of death.  There is a scene in which children are sent to play in a hospital with terminal patients, all on soma and smiling blissfully.  Nobody is visiting them.  Though the novel doesn’t deal with this theme in any depth, it appears that the key to dealing with death is the same as the key to dealing with anything with which might make one uncomfortable or anxious  – take more soma and look the other way.  

Change/Progress “Every change is a menace to stability…Every discovery in pure science is potentially subversive; even science must sometimes be treated as a possible enemy…It isn’t only art that’s incompatible with happiness; it’s also science….we have to keep it most carefully chained and muzzled. p225

Everyone is beautiful – The genetic engineering revolution has created a race of beautiful people, “pneumatic” women, and mostly handsome men.  And yet with the exception of a couple of the protagonists in this novel, these beautiful people are mostly vapid and superficial.  The best example is Lenina (her name is noteworthy,) a stunningly beautiful woman, desired by every man who meets her, and she is quite generous with her favors.  But her character is about an inch deep.  She is certainly a caricature of beautiful women whose primary concerns are their appearance, their toys, their comfort and their own amusement.

Freedom: “Don’t you want to be free Lenina?”  Lenina responds:  “I don’t know what you mean. I am free. Free to have the most wonderful time. Everybody’s happy nowadays.”  p91

Nobility – “In a properly organized society like ours, nobody has any opportunities for being noble or heroic. Conditions have got to be thoroughly unstable before the occasion can arise.  P237

Some hypnopaedic proverbs to live by, that people in the Brave New World grow up hearing repeated to them, again and again, while they’re asleep, while they’re awake.

• Everybody’s happy now.
• Everyone belongs to everyone else.
• Everyone works for everyone else.
• We can’t do without anyone.
• Never put off till tomorrow the fun you can have today.
• When the individual feels, the community reels.
• I take a gram and only am.  (a gram of soma)
• Hug me till you drug me, honey.

On the other hand….

There are aspects of what I read in Brave New World  that have some appeal to me, and I believe are  worth considering, if not taken to the extremes that Huxley takes them in his novel.  For example: 

• Hypnopedia – Let’s not dismiss the idea of a few basic principles of living well and good social behavior that we might engrave into most people’s consciousness as default values.  How about: “Patience is often a virtue.”   Or “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Or “Be Kind.”  Or “Act as if your action were to become a law for all mankind.” (Kant’s Categorical Imperative).
• Choosing Virtue – in the Brave New World, the Controller states that his goal is for people to make the right choices because they desire the right things,  that is what they have been taught to want. That in fact, was Aristotle’s goal when he promoted “habituation” as a primary tool in his virtue ethics – to train oneself to want to do the virtuous thing.  The difference is, that in our (and Aristotle’s) world, that is the project of a lifetime.  In the Brave New World, virtue is built in, and comes with no effort and no sacrifice – no character required. 
• Continuous Vitality – with currently on-going improvements in health and wellness, and knowledge of how we age, we are rapidly getting to where 60 is the new 40, and lifespan and wellness are increasing dramatically for those who pay attention to certain rules.  Who can argue against extending youth, vitality, and wellness by several decades?  What is different in the Brave New World, is their abhorrence of physical deterioration, and an unwillingness to look death in the face. As well as – there is no effort involved.
• Sexual liberation – The sexual revolution of the 60s and beyond has taken us more than halfway to the promiscuity described in Huxley’s Brave New World.  Remember that Brave New World was written in the UK at the tail end of the Victorian era.  There has certainly been value in bringing sex out into the open, though I believe Huxley’s world has taken it to an extreme, and we are seeing some tendencies toward Brave New World promiscuity in some circles today.  Emotional intimacy that can be deepened and enhanced through sexual connection is eschewed in the Brave New World,  but (I believe) emotional intimacy has increased in importance and value in today’s world, in the wake of so much exposure to purely physical arousal and the act of intercourse.  Most would agree with overthrowing the severe restraint (and hypocrisy) that Victorian morality put on sexual activity, limiting it to only those specific conditions endorsed by the Church.  But most would also disagree with trivializing it to be as casual as a cup of coffee between friends.   Clearly, attitudes toward sexuality are very much culture driven – the mullahs in Saudi Arabia probably view sex in the West now as we might view Huxley’s Brave New World.   
• Greatest Good for the Greatest Number The Brave New World may indeed be a better place for most,  than one filled with pain, suffering, hunger loneliness, deprivation, and quiet desperation, which may indeed characterize the lives of a large percentage of the world’s population.   For people living in dire circumstance, the comfort and happiness of the Brave New World probably look pretty good.   Does the Brave New World only look hellish to those of us privileged enough to have most of our needs at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy met?

But then John Stuart Mill, the popularizer of the Utilitarian philosophy prioritized pleasures of the mind over those of the body, and famously said that he’d rather be Socrates dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied.  But I wonder what percentage of the world would prefer the Brave New World to the one they live in.  And I’m curious about what life was like on Iceland where Bernard Marx and Helmholtz would be exiled.  That may have been the question Huxley was answering when he wrote Island 30 years later, which described his idea of a utopian counterpoint to his Brave New World.  Below is a comparison of themes in Island to Brave New World, out of Wikipedia.

*In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Miranda says, “How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world / That has such people in’t!” (5.1. 186-187).

Why this book: I just finished reading The Sparrow for the second time and was inspired (again.)  I wanted to follow up with reading Children of God again, and be inspired again, and that was a good call. 

Summary in 4 sentences: This is the sequel to The Sparrow, in which the sponsors of the first mission to Rakhat believe there is unfinished business on that planet and plan a follow-on mission.  Meanwhile, one of the strong characters on the earlier mission, thought to have been killed on Rakhat, survived, though that is not known by the Jesuits on earth planning the follow-on mission.  In parallel with the preparations on earth, Children of God follows her life and the lives of several of the characters from the Runa and Jana’ata cultures in the aftermath of the departure of the Earth visitors. There is drama on Earth, in the controversy about how the mission would be undertaken and who would go on it, and drama on Rakhat during a great upheaval as the spark of revolution ignited by the earthlings in The Sparrow, becomes something of a conflagration…and then the Jesuits return…..

My impressions: A powerful story and an excellent follow-up to The Sparrow in exploring issues of faith, suffering, and the human condition.  Mary Doria Russell is thoughtful, creative and articulate – and I really like her writing style. I felt that she went deeper psychologically, morally, philosophically in Children of God than in The Sparrow.    

As a novel, Children of God was not as well constructed as The Sparrow – it was a bit harder to follow, there were more characters than I could easily keep track of, especially those natives to Rakhat with strange names.   I would have liked a glossary to help me keep track of the characters, as Hillary Mantel did in Wolf Hall.  Also, though the inhabitants of Rakhat were not human, Russell gave them very human psychological characteristics; apart from some rather trivial physical traits, they seemed all but human in their emotions, reactions, and decisions.  Which of course made it easier for we, her human readers, to relate to.

Those quibbles aside,  I really, really  liked the book.  I had a number of  “wow!” moments as I read conversations between characters arguing between the short vs long view, ends vs means, accepting vs fighting to change reality, whether pain and suffering indeed have meaning and redemptive value.  Russell says in the postscript interview that 80% of the correspondence she’d received preferred Children of God to The Sparrow, whereas she herself preferred The Sparrow. 

The book begins where The Sparrow left off – with Father Emilio Sandoz struggling to deal with his experiences on Rakhat, with the Jesuit leadership, with his own loss of faith.  He does renounce his faith and his priestly vows, and as a layman begins to find joy, love, as a door opens to a life that promises to  redeem him.  Then he is kidnapped, drugged and wakes up part way into an expedition to return to Rakhat.  The Church deemed that his unique skills, language, knowledge of the culture were essential to fulfill the objectives of the second Jesuit mission, and this greater good superseded his personal wishes and happiness.  

Much of the book takes place in the six or so years flying near the speed of light to Rakhat -around 20 years in earth-relative time (the book’s timeline is measured in “earth-relative” years.)  During this transit period, we get to know a team very different from the team in the first expedition.  This second team which included the kidnapped Sandoz, was filled with tension and mistrust,  which included Sandoz extremely angry and resentful at his abduction from a life that promised joy, love, happiness.  The very different individuals in this group eventually learn to accommodate each others and the group eventually evolves into a functioning team, though one very much in contrast to the high-functioning team we saw in The Sparrow. 

Meanwhile we learn that unknown to any on the expedition, Sofia Mendes,  one of the central characters in The Sparrow had survived the massacre that took the lives of most on the initial expedition to  Rakhat.  After that slaughter, she had been nursed back to health and protected by the Runa who she had been trying to protect.  She becomes part of their community and applies her significant skills, insights and leadership to help them survive and resist further persecution by their erstwhile tormentors -the Jana’ata.  Meanwhile,  she bears and raises a child with which she was pregnant when her husband and the others from the first expedition were killed, becomes a foster mother to a Jana’ata child and develops a close relationship with a Jana’ata leader. 

That is the setting.  As in The Sparrow,  Children of God takes the reader back and forth between what is happening on Rakhat, with Sofia Mendes and several of the key characters from both Runa and Jana’ata cultures, and what is happening within the group of Earth people on the space platform, on their way to Rakhat and after they land.  When they finally do reach Rakhat, they are surprised at how much has changed in the nearly 40 earth-relative years since Sandoz had left after the first expedition.  The ideas of freedom and revolution had unleashed a level of violence reminiscent of the French or Russian revolutions.  The former Jana’ata masters are now the hunted and the persecuted.  And eventually Sandoz and his team are supporting a group of Jana’ata that is being pursued by Mendes and her Runa.  

In Children of God, Russel introduces a number of new characters and one old one, who serve as vehicles for her to share perspectives that I found fascinating, among them,  Carlo, Danny Iron Horse, Suukmel, and Isaac. Carlo is the leader of the second expedition, charming, intelligent, practical, but ultimately an unscrupulous opportunist. From Danny Iron Horse we learn how native American culture harmonized with Jesuit culture or didn’t – depending on the objectives and context.  Suukmel is a Jana/ata woman of great wisdom – perhaps Russell’s own muse.  And from Isaac we gain insights into the perspectives of an autistic savant. 

Unlike The Sparrow, Children of God does not end in ambiguity. As the author says, it is a long dark tunnel that ends in the light. There are surprises all the way into the last couple of pages of the book.  The paperback copy I read includes an interview with the author, and she is very forthcoming and direct in her answers to questions about meaning, intent, and sources.  

In both books, we are given new perspectives on being human, by how the author portrays these other sentient beings who have different though similar capabilities and qualities.  The moral issues of how different tribes, cultures, races interact are highlighted by the tensions between three different, but similar species – human, Runa, and Jana’ata.  We also see how misunderstandings, and a tendency to make negative judgments with imperfect information can create hate, violence and war.  There is a lot to learn, think about and discuss in this two part series – highly recommended for thoughtful readers.  

Some themes/perspectives that I found interesting in Children of God:

• Smell not sight is the primary sense for natives of  Rakhat.  One gets perhaps a dog’s perspective.
• Physical and aesthetic beauty can be seductive and a source cruelty and ugliness
• We see the dangers of excessive idealism and ambition for good.  We see crimes against humanity committed for “the greater good”.  
• Sex on Rakhat is transactional and focused on procreation or recreation.  Romance is not involved.
• We see the negative health impact of forcing a vegetarian diet on carnivores.
• Interesting to consider what if our meat animals (Cows, pigs, chickens) could think and talk….
• Danny Iron Horse, a native-American leader on the expedition, sheds light on the perspective of someone who has grown up in the Lakota Sioux culture on a reservation with both native-American and European ancestry in his blood.
• How drugs can control psychological pain, but don’t permit true healing. and growth.  Being willing to go through, deal with, and address psychological pain is necessary for Post Traumatic Growth. 
• How the imperatives of time and necessity can allow a functioning team to evolve out of a group of antagonistic individuals. 
• Even the evil characters in this book have redeeming qualities.  Russell gets into the heads of those we are tempted to hate, and provides perspective. “Don’t be too quick to judge!” she says in her interview, as one of her messages.
• How hate and the desire for revenge can infect whole communities and incite them to feel justified in committing atrocities.  Good people infected by a drive for revenge for wrongs done them.  Humans: Sandoz and Sofia Mendes. Jana’ata: Supaari and Hlavin Kthiri. 
• The perspective and wisdom of those with autism. In the second half of the book, one of the key characters is “on the spectrum”,  a-social, but wise and talented in unique ways. 
• A new vision of God emerges in the end out of a unification of music with DNA.

Below are some of the many passages I highlighted because I found them interesting, insightful, or inspirational: 

Candotti:  “All spiritual enlightenment begins with a neatly made bed.”p59 (Did Bill McRaven read this book?)

Sandoz  “The redemptive power of suffering, in my experience at least, is vastly over-rated.”  P60

Sandoz. “Cynicism and foul language are the only vices I’m capable of.  Everything else takes energy or money.” P64

“What if?” was more dangerous than “Why?” p77

Comparison is the source of all significance  81

Never give a woman reasons that can be argued with.  Say no, or prepare for defeat. P87

Danny Iron Horse: “Like Saint Teresa said: If that’s how God treats His friends,  it is no wonder He’s got so few of them.” P111

They (the Runa) accepted Isaac’s solitary silence as they accepted his lack of tail and his hairless body, as they accepted nearly everything in their world: with placid good humor and unruffled calm. P136

Sofia:  “Anne said that wisdom begins when  you discover the difference between ‘That doesn’t make sense’ and ‘I don’t understand’” p143

DW Yarborough: There was no such thing as an ex-Jew or an ex-Catholic or an ex-Marine.  “Now why is that?…  Talk is cheap.  We believe in action. Fight for justice. Feed the hungry.  Take the beach.  We none of us sit around hopin’ for some big damn miracle to fix things….We don’t preach. We listen.”

DW Yarborough: “Maybe God is only the most powerful poetic idea we humans’re capable of thinkin’…On my best days, I believe in Him with all my heart…(and on my worst days) even if it’s only poetry, it’s poetry to live by, Sofia – poetry to die for. Maybe poetry is the only way we can get nearer the truth of God….and when the metaphors fail, we think it’s God who’s failed us!”  p145-46

Sofia: Even the laws of physics resolve to probabilities.  How can I know what to do?

Vince Giuliani: “In the darkness of my soul, I have wondered if God enjoys watching despair, the way voyeurs watch sex.  That would explain a great deal of human history!”

Danny Iron Horse: “Do you believe that the end justifies the means?”Sandoz: “Sometimes. It depends, obviously.  How important is the end? How nasty are the means?”158

Carlo: I always thought it was a tactical mistake for God to love us in the aggregate, when Satan is willing to make a special effort to seduce each of us separately.” P185

Danny Iron Horse: “You know the facts, so decide. Are the Pope and the Father General frauds?  Or do you understand less than you think?” p209

“Have you discovered a preexisting truth? Or have you imposed an arbitrary meaning on whatever it is you’re considering?”p210

(Of Sandoz) After all, he thought, the one thing an agnostic knows for sure is: you never know. p215

There was for Daniel Iron Horse, some hope that he might live long enough to know the answer to a question Giuliani would carry to his grave: What if I am wrong about everything? p216

(Native Americans ) fought to preserve a way of life that valued, above all else, courage, fortitude, generosity and transcendent spiritual vision.  P217

Suukmel:  “Fear corrupts, not power. Powerlessness debases. Power can be used to good effect or ill, but no one is improved by weakness.” P220

Suukmel:  ..Any institution considering itself the guardian of truth will value constancy, for change by definition introduces error…How then does a wise prince introduce change when the generations have enshrined a practice or a prohibition that now harms or cripples?” p221

Suukmel:  Dani, when we change things, we are like the little gods: we act and from each act falls a cascade of consequence – some things expected and desired, some surprising and regrettable. Bt we are not like your God who sees everything!”  p225

Marcus Aurelius: “The noblest kind of retribution is not to become like your enemy.”p248

Seneca:  “The safest course is to tempt fortune rarely.” P250

Sofia Mendes had, after all, survived a great deal by blocking out emotion – her own and others’.  And love was a debt, best left unincurred. p 257

Ha’anala: “The  God of Israel can’t be seen, but hesees us – when we are ready, when we are not ready,  when we are at our best or at our worst or paying no attention. Nothing can be hidden from such a God.  That’s why people fear Him.”  p259-60

But reality didn have a great deal to recommend it these days and Emilio was quite willing to exchange whatever message was embedded in these new dreams for the artificial tranquility of Quell…. Chemical Zen he thought…  p262

Sean Fein: “All is vanity and chasing after the wind.  The wicked prosper and the righteous get rooted up the hole, and is that all y’learned ina quarter of a century in the Company of Jesus/”  Sandoz:  “Fuck off Sean.” p267

(Amazing stuff on SUFFERING and  God p290 -291)

Candotti:  How long did he protect himself from the fear that God was just  bullshit story, that religion was just a load of crap?…And where the hell was Emilio finding the strength now to hope again that maybe it would all make sense?” p290

Her soul seemed to him like colored glass: translucent but not transparent. p305

Sandoz: “Father Iron Horse, I detect a certain indulgence in wishful thinking.” p313

Sandoz:  “It’s called irony Nico.  Irony  is often saying the opposite of what is meant.  To get the joke, you must be surprised and then amused by the difference between what you believe the person thinks and what he actually says.” p314

Sandoz:  “Religion – the wishful thinking of an ape that talks!  You know what I think:  Random shit happens, and we turn it into stories and call it sacred scripture -” p346

(of Suukmel) Chaos demanded not the death of Virtue in her life, but the birth of Passion. Joy. Creation.  Transformation. p355

Suukmel: “Listen to Isaac’s music again. Remember what you thought when you first heard it. Know that if we are children of one God, we can make ourselves one family in time.”    “And if God is just a song?” Ha’anala asked, alone and frightened.  Suukmel did not answer for a while. Finally she said, “Our task is the same.” p 359

Of Sean Fein: In his own soul, he knew with sudden certainty that it was not rebellion or doubt or even sin that broke God’s heard; it was indifference.  p362

If anything could prove the existence of the soul, he thought, it is the utter emptiness of a corpse.  p 400

Danny Iron Horse: Now finally, he was in a place where note of that made any difference, where he was simply an Earthman. Only here (on Rakhat) had he come to understand that he was not a battleground – to be divided and conquered by his grandparents – but a garden, where each person who’d contributed to his existence longed to see that something of themselves had taken rood and grown.  p 419

Danny Iron Horse:  “I could ask you to trust me, or I could just tell you to do as you’re told.” p420

Rukuei Kthiri: He would tell the foreigner: I have learned that poetry requires a certain emptiness, as the sounding of a bell requires the space within it.p 425

Isaac:  “It’s the DNA for humans and for Jana’ata and Runa. Played together   A lot of it is dissonant.  I remembered the parts that harmonize.” p427

Sandoz: In the absence of certainty, faith is more than mere opinion;  it is hope.  p431

On Sandoz:  He was a linguist after all, and it seemed entirely possible to him that religionand literature and art and music were all merely side effects of a brain structure that comes into the world ready to make language out of a noise, sense out of chaos. Our capacity for imposing meaning, he thought, is programmed to unfold the way a butterfly’s wings unfold when it escapes the chrysalis, ready to fly.  We are biologically driven to create meaning.  And if that’s so, he asked himself, is the miracle diminished?  It was then that he came very close to prayer.  Whateever the truth is, he thought, blessed be the truth.  p431

——

Why this book:  I had read this book about 12 years ago in my literature reading group.  It resulted in one of the richest discussions we’d had after reading a book.   All of us who were in the group at that time agreed we’d like to read it again, so we prevailed upon the newer members of our group to selected it to read. 

Summary in 3 sentences:  A group of Jesuit Americans embark on an expedition to a nearby galaxy to explore the source of spiritual sounding music coming from a planet in that galaxy.  They prepare in early 21st century and make the journey and connect with sentient intelligent beings on that planet, learn their language, live with them and learn their culture. But something goes terribly wrong, and only one member of the expedition returns, but is so traumatized he struggles to confront and recount and explain his experiences. 

My Impressions.  An incredible story, powerful, well-written by a well-educated, thoughtful and articulate author. Mary Doria Russell is a paleo-anthropologist and her extensive background in the science of humanity is evident in this, her first novel. The story itself is imaginative, but the story serves primarily as a framework on which the author hangs powerful themes of good and evil, faith and disillusionment, love and friendship, and more.  It is a search for spiritual meaning and understanding man’s place in the universe wrapped in a science fiction novel.  I found the characters in the book rich, multi-dimensional and believable – I could relate to them, though it took some imagination to relate to the unique circumstances in which the author develops them.

There are two stories going on simultaneously in The Sparrow, and the two stories come together at the end of the novel.  The first story is about an eclectic group of astro-scientists who detect haunting and spiritual music coming from the Alpha Centauri Galaxy – one of the closest galaxies to our own.  The Jesuit branch of the Catholic church then feels compelled to finance and sponsor an expedition to explore the source of the music, in an effort to connect with other spiritual and sentient beings in the Universe.

In this part of the story, we get to know the main characters of the novel, and follow their preparations and ultimately their voyage to beyond our galaxy to find the source of this music.  During this part of the novel, we get to know each of the six or so main characters of the expedition, and that is interesting and enjoyable. The author makes some effort to make this travel to a different galaxy at least superficially scientifically believable.  The team explores and attacks the types of problems that would be associated with such travel, such as food, fuel, time relativity, navigation, communications and more.  In this part of the story, our team leaves earth, leaves our Milky Way, finds and is able to land on the obscure planet of Rakhat.   The story follows their adaptation to that world, and the symbiotic relationship they develop with the sentient creatures they encounter on that planet.  They learn and adapt to their language and culture, and eventually see a way to connect with the source of the music.

The second and parallel story on-going in The Sparrow is taking place some 40 years later and is the investigation into what happened on the expedition. Father Emilio Sandoz is the only one of the original team to survive and return to earth, and he is severely traumatized. He was the most spiritual of the Jesuits who went on the mission, and upon his return, is unwilling to confront nor discuss what happened, what traumatized him so, and how and why he has lost his faith.  In this part of the story we get to know a separate set of characters – those conducting the investigation and the interrogation of Father Sandoz.  Father Vincent Giuliani, the Father Superior of the Jesuits insists on coaxing the story out of Sandoz, while trying to be sensitive to Sandoz’s obvious suffering from severe post -traumatic stress.

These two parallel stories in The Sparrow are told in alternating chapters.   We share in the excitement of the expedition members as they prepare for the expedition, become a high functioning team, and get on with one of the human race’s greatest adventures.  There is much joy and camaraderie in the first part of mission, and it is easy to like and relate to the characters Russell creates, and how they connect in powerful ways.  The author permits a bit of bawdy humor and very human connection among this group of religious space pioneers, as they bond and build a solid team dynamic. They deal with mistakes, disappointments, tragedies and the team holds up – they take care of each other and their mission

In the separate and alternating chapters we come to understand that somehow it all went terribly wrong, as we struggle with Emilio Sandoz’s efforts to deal with the tragedy of what happened – though we don’t yet know what that tragedy was.  But we know it wasn’t good.

Emilio Sandoz is interrogated, sometimes accused, often with little finesse or sympathy, and is slowly nursed back to health 40 years after the expedition had departed earth.  We are kept in suspense to learn what ultimately happened to the expedition after such a promising beginning, until the last 30 or so pages of the book.

Wrapped in a fasincaitng science fiction novel, The Sparrow addresses faith in God in the face of pain, evil, suffering and tragic disappointment.  In the voices of the characters in the book, Russell makes strong cases both for faith, and for loss of faith and atheism. 

In the interview at the conclusion of the paperback edition of the book, Russell says she was inspired to write this book during the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Columbus discovering America – when she asked herself what it might be like today to leave all that we know, and arrive in an alien land and confront a completely different culture.  She also clearly drew inspiration from the suffering and privations of Jesuit missionaries who sought to educate and convert Native Americans to Christianity – Isaac Jogues in particular, as well as the Jesuits known as the Canadian martyrs. 

It was also interesting to note that Russel was raised a Catholic, left the church and declared herself an atheist, and then in her 30s had a child, returned to belief in God, but as a Jew. As a converted Jew she learned of how the Jews experience God during and in spite of  centuries of pogroms and genocide, and the Holocaust, suffering on a scale most Christians have difficulty imagining.

I couldn’t help but see this story as a modern day version of the book of Job.  How could a loving God let this happen?  I also saw parallels with Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart about how well-meaning missionaries appalled at what they perceived as barbarian native practices, intervened to upset a delicate balance in an African native village. Coincidentally, after finishing The Sparrow, I re-read Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning for another book club –  It could be a companion piece to The Sparrow, and Frankl, a Jew, would have a lot to say to Emilio Sandoz. 

I highly recommend The Sparrow to thoughtful readers. But if at the end you may be a bit confused about the message, read the interview with the author at the conclusion of the paperback edition – it is very enlightening.  

Why this book:  After reading My Journey to Lhasa in which she describes how she became the first Western woman to visit Lhasa (and which I review here), I felt inclined to learn the rest of the story of the life of this remarkable woman.

Summary in 3 Sentences: This thoroughly researched biography of Alexandra David-Neel begins with what little is known of her childhood and early years in Europe, and fairly quickly moves to the main events of her life exploring and living in Asia. The “meat” of the book describes her many and multi-faceted experiences for 40 years in India, Tibet, China and other Asian countries, including a couple of chapters which provide some different insights into her remarkable trip to Lhasa. It concludes with the last third of her life, as her physical health deteriorated, but her cognitive skills remained intact – though as for anyone who reaches that age, life was not easy for her at the end. 

My Impressions: This is a fascinating biography of what has to be one of the most amazingly intrepid women of the 20th century.  She grew up in the Victorian era in Belgium became fascinated with Buddhism early – showing signs at a young age of rebelling against the standard paths for young girls at that time. As a teenager, she ran away from home, got involved in Madam Blavatsky’s circle of mystics and clairvoyants in London, then found her way into operatic singing and show business,  before heading to India and the East to pursue her passion for studying Eastern religion and cultures.

This biography offers what little is known of her youth before getting into the main act of  her life as a trail blazing woman student and scholar of Tibetan religion, religious practices and philosophy at the very beginning of the 20th century. Very few Westerners, and no other Western women were aggressively pursuing knowledge and experience of Tibetan practices at that time, and given her intelligence, charm, and ambition, she came to the attention of the 13th Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama (second to the Dalai Lama in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy) as well as becoming well known and respected in the broader circle of  other senior members of the sect.  She also became well known, and not completely trusted by British authorities who still controlled much of that part of the world.  

This biography outlines her extensive travels through India Nepal and China in search of knowledge and direct experience of the cultures she was studying, at a time when travel was primitive and dangerous.  David-Neel was often short of cash – relying on funds wired to her from her husband in Algeria, or what she earn, beg, or borrow on her own, and was often nearly destitute, putting to the test her incredible resourcefulness and adaptability.  She had adopted a Tibetan son who was her travelling companion and essentially aide-de-camp during these often difficult times, and who stayed with her for the rest of his life.  Travelling with caravans, walking, on horseback, or in carriages through remote areas on the borders of Tibet and China, she anticipated being subjected to the vagaries of civil war, brigands and highway robbers and other dangers – but she was undeterred and usually lucky. All of this prepared her for her most famous adventure – her months long hike in winter through the Himalayas avoiding government authorities to sneak into Lhasa, which was absolutely forbidden of Western women. 

Because of the discretion expected of Victorian-age woman in their public and private correspondences, and because she was married, she was not forthcoming in her letters and other correspondences on matters that may have touched on the romantic or the erotic.  The authors however believe that she probably had an affair with a Maharajah of Sikkim during this period, and they have indicators that her explorations of Tantric sexual practices were more than merely academic.  In her study of Tibetan Buddhist practices, she was typically unwilling to take information or wisdom on authority – she always wanted to experience things directly and personally.  For example, in order to better understand the Tibetan Buddhist tradition of isolating and meditating under the tutelage of a yogi, she spent nearly 3 years living alone under great austerity in what was essentially a cave high in the Himalayas, with regular visits to her Tibetan yogi mentor. 

Eventually, she decided that to truly understand Tibetan Buddhism, she needed to visit Lhasa, the capital of Tibet and and the Vatican of Tibetan Buddhism.  But Lhasa was off-limits to Western women, by order of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan authorities.  Respecting the desires of the Tibetans, the British, who controlled much of the Far East at the time, also actively opposed her efforts to visit.  Not one to simply give in to authority, she found a way, which she describes in her book My Journey to Lhasa which I review separately. 

In this biography we learn about the nearly 20 years she spent learning the Tibetan language, experiencing the culture and becoming strong and resilient enough to  successfully and convincingly disguised herself for months as a Tibetan peasant woman hiking through the Himalayas in winter with her adopted son to Lhasa. This biography goes beyond that specific journey to provide additional stories about what she experienced in Lhasa and some of the aftermath of her visit, her challenges with funds, with her husband, with various bureaucratic officials who didn’t trust her, nor know quite what to make of her.

Over her lifetime, Alexandra David-Neel wrote nearly 30 books on Tibet and Buddhism, and is credited by the 14th (the current) Dalai Lama with having introduced Tibet to the West, through her writings, her adventures and her love of Tibet.

Alexandra David-Neel as a person was not only an impressive and interesting woman, she could also be difficult.  She was clearly a powerful and brilliant woman with amazing strengths, but she also had her own character flaws and contradictions.  She was on the one hand intellectually curious,  compassionate and respectful toward those at the lower end of the social scale, bold and self-confident in taking on great challenges, tough and resilient, and almost un-intimidatable. She could also be imperious, egotistical, ambitious for fame and recognition, entitled and arrogant.   Crafting and maintaining a certain persona and image were important to her to help ensure she could pursue her projects and ambitions.  She was often deceitful and manipulative toward  her husband, in order to keep his funds flowing to support her ambitions.

In this biography, the authors, while clearly admiring her, were not shy about exposing these some of these less savory aspects of her character.   Toward the end of her life, she had her caregiver burn many of her letters that she believed might challenge the image she wanted history to have of her.  That’s too bad, since the whole picture of the woman would be much more interesting than the air-brushed version she hoped to leave.

She lived to be 101 years old, living the final 30+  years of her life in Southern France, continuing to write, to lecture and to host and entertain other scholars of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. 

This biography is 1998 update of an earlier biography the two authors had written:  Journey: The LIfe of Alexandra David-Neel published in 1989. They felt this update was necessary after discovering important new material that came to  light after publishing the first book. They also indicate that there is much more material on her life that remains to be released – so those of us interested should stand by.  The authors are clearly conversant in Buddhist philosophy and religion and were sympathetic to David-Neel’s desire to study it and uncover its truths,  and I felt did a good job of explaining some of the more esoteric aspects of Tibetan Buddhism to me a lay reader. 

Some of the key take-aways and insights I had from this book, apart from being fascinated by the life of an amazing, bold and ambitious woman:

• How much different the world of India, China, Tibet in which she spent much of her life was from the West at the early part of the 20th century, before globalization brought so many of civilizations comforts, corruptions and distractions into that part of the world.  Her travels on foot, in caravans, by train, ship, and plane, disguised as a beggar, a religious figure, scholar, she lived in and traveled through a world of brigands, warlords, European expats that today seems exotic and probably no longer exists. 
• I learned much about Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan culture, which was the primary focus of her learning and exploration.  I hope to read her book Magic and Mystery in Tibet (still in print and easily available, also in audio and pdf format) which is considered a classic on how Tibetan Buddhism incorporated local superstitions and more “Pagan” beliefs, along with some of the amazing things she observed and experienced that are  inexplicable by modern western science.  She herself was a skeptic about mystical powers associated with Tibetan Buddhism, but she also routinely observed and experienced phenomena that challenged that skepticism. 
• The multifaceted aspects of her character fascinated me – her fearless and relentless pursuit of her ambitions, her ability to draw on Buddhist serenity when she needed it, while also manifesting very un-Buddhist like ambition, egotism and focus on achievement.
• The early part of the 20th century – prior to WW1 and in the inter-war years, was a period of great power competition for influence in Asia, between the British, the Russians, the Japanese, the Nationalist and Maoist Chinese, and at every turn, these larger political forces impacted the life and goals of Alexandra David-Neel.  She became an internationally known figure – considered by many to be a spy, by others a nuisance, and by still others a threat.
• The authors are clear in how the Chinese are actively seeking to destroy Tibetan culture and homogenize it with Chinese Communist culture.  In the introduction and in the epilogue, they provide shocking statistics of the number of Tibetan monks who have been murdered, monasteries destroyed, and legislative and legal steps taken by the Chinese to put pressure on traditional Tibetan religion and culture.  This process is brutal, and continues unabated.
• The epilogue discusses the impact Alexandra David-Neel has had.  Her books on TIbet are still read and studied. Her intrepid life and courage continue to inspire, especially women who are fascinated with learning more about Tibet and Buddhism.  And as noted, the current Dalai Lama gives her a lot of credit for publicizing Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism and its many appealing aspects to much of the West.  

Why this book: I was preparing to do a bike ride in Provence starting and finishing in Avignon, and riding for 8 days in the environs.  This book came strongly recommended to provide a historical perspective on the world we would be biking through, by Francine, who with her husband Jeff, organized the trip.

Summary in 3 Sentences:  In the early 14th century, violence, anarchy, brigandage, and warlordism around Rome threatened the center of Christianity, so the then Pope Clement V decided to move the papacy and his court to one of the papal-owned regions of what is now France. This book walks through the reigns of the 7 popes who led the Catholic church through the nearly 7 decades that Avignon hosted the Pope and his retinue, their challenges, successes, failures and their relationship to the Holy Roman Empire, France and other temporal powers in the region.   We learn of the widely varied personalities and approaches to papal leadership exhibited by the seven popes, the political intrigue involved in selecting and then supporting the popes, how the papacy mimicked autocratic and self-indulgent leadership styles that were standard and expected of temporal kings and princes in Europe at the time, how the popes themselves, their cardinals and bishops succumbed to the temptations of power, wealth, and pleasure that were freely available to them. 

My impressions:  An enjoyable lay-person’s history of the period during which the Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon.  It is also naturally a look at the history of Avignon, why it was selected as an alternate location for the center of Christianity at the time, the impact that the Papacy had on what was previously the small town of Avignon and the region, and then what happened after the papacy returned to Rome.

The book is divided into chapters the first of which address each of the seven Popes who resided in Avignon.  The book begins with a look a the environment and the events that led Pope Clement V’s decision to move the papal court to Avignon in 1309 where it remained until 1378 when Pope Gregory XII returned the papacy to Rome and then shortly afterward died.  His death left the door open for a power struggle between the French and Italian cardinals.  The book concludes with the Papal Schism, a rather confusing era of about 30 years when the Italian and French cardinals selected two competing popes – one in Avignon and one in Rome until this awkward situation was finally resolved in 1414 and the Papacy remained in Rome.

The Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon in response to two key factors:

• First, Italy at that time was a collection of independent principalities, each led by a King many of whom were ambitious, gathered their own money to hire mercenaries to intimidate or defeat his rivals to gain more power and resources assume regional ascendancy – and Rome was a wealthy  target.  When it appeared that Rome and the Papacy were most vulnerable  to threats, intimidation or being conquered militarily,  Pope Clement V decided to move to a safer locale in France.
• Second, that “safer” locale was under the protection of the King of France – but that protection came at a price.  The King of France,  Philip the Fair (“Fair” not being “just,” instead meaning handsome) contributed to convincing  Clement V to move the papacy after which he essentially became a vassal of the King of France, .  Eventually the Popes, cardinals and Bishops became primarily French which kept much of the wealth the Papacy spent in France – which created a momentum for keeping the Papacy in France.

The popes of Avignon were very different.  Some were self-effacing introverts, others extravagant and  bold. The most interesting to me was Pope Clement VI, (1342-1352) a charismatic and extravagant leader who was well known for his celebrations and parades, his generosity in giving money away to his supporters as well as to the poor. Clement VI was a boisterous partier and reputedly had several mistresses. He was not afraid to take on the Holy Roman Emperor, raised armies to protect papal property in Italy, and during his 10 years he built out the papal palace in Avignon to be one of the grandest in Europe. He also had the challenge of leading the Church during the worst of the Black Plague in Europe.  When he died, he left the papal treasury almost empty.

Typically the Cardinals selected a new pope to offset any excesses excesses of the previous pope.  When Clement VI died, the cardinals selected Pope Innocent VI who could hardly have been more different, coming from a tradition of hermits and ascetics, and naturally, he sought to reform many of the excesses of Clement VI.  Innocent VI’s successor was Urban V, one of the most highly respected of the popes of that era, one who more closely than most, abided by today’s standards for Christian behavior and leadership.  It was Urban V who initiated the return of the papacy to Rome, but it was his successor Pope Gregory XI who finally succeeded in moving the papacy to Rome, and then soon after reestablishing himself in Rome, died.  When the Italian Cardinals elected an Italian Pope, and the French Cardinals wouldn’t accept him, that initiated the Great Schism referred to above, which continued for nearly 40 years until it was finally and not very gracefully resolved in 1418.

The Papacy was very much about power and patronage and protecting the resources of the Catholic church from rapacious Kings, warlords and marauding bandits who looked with great envy upon the land and wealth of the Church. The popes behaved as kings in a kingdom and this was expected since then even more so than today, it was generally accepted that power and wealth had their privileges and which included not having to follow the rules that apply to everyone else.  

One interesting character who appears through much of this book is Petrarch, a well known poet and an open critic of the papacy for its hypocrisy and self-indulgence.  Petrarch was pretty vicious in his criticism of the popes, cardinals and bishops, but the popes never seemed threatened by him – in fact they often patronized him.  

When I was in Avignon, I visited the papal palace and walked the gardens.  Avignon is surrounded by it’s famous ramparts – a 2 mile circumference of thick and high walls, still maintained, intact and impressive. These walls were begun by Innocent VI and completed by Urban V to protect the city from being sacked by out-of-work mercenaries who formed up private armies that preyed upon castles, towns and citizens throughout France,  during periods of peace between England and France.  Avignon itself, its wealthy cardinals and merchants, and the wealth of the papacy were lucrative targets to these armed bands of former soldiers.  Eventually Urban had to pay protection money to preserve Avignon from the ravages of these  “companies.”  

The Popes of Avignon inspired me to revisit a wonderful book I read about 40 years ago about France in the 14th century The Distant Mirror, by Barbara Tuchman, which gave a fascinating look at how people lived, the culture, the times, the challenges of life in medieval France – which included the papacy in Avignon.  

I would echo Francine’s recommendation to read The Popes of Avignon before visiting Avignon and Provence, or to anyone interested in the history of the papacy, or southern France in the 14th century.  

Why this book: I was preparing to do an 8 day bike tour through Provence, beginning in Avignon, and I was looking for something light to read that would give me a different perspective on the region I was biking through, and provide me with a perspective that I would not get from the seat of a bicycle. 

Summary in 3 sentences:  Throughout much of his youth and working life, Peter Mayle had a dream of moving to and living in Provence,  which after achieving a certain degree of affluence, he finally was able to fulfill in middle age.  His writing about Provence and the adventures he experienced living there defined the last third of his life and this was his final book. This book is a compilation of short chapters sharing different experiences and insights the he as an expatriate Englishman gained over a quarter of a century living in Provence.  Mayle has had a love affair with Provence and this book, through its many short stories and vignettes, is an admiring look at a place and region he loved. 

My impressions:  A fun, light read in the easy going, almost poetic and unpretentious style of Peter Mayle.  For me it did its job well – an enjoyable look behind-the-curtain at life and the culture of the people of this justifiably famous part of France. Provence is a very popular tourist destination for people from all over the world, in no small part due the many books Peter Mayle has written about it.   In addition to his delightful language and relentlessly positive attitude, for me an important part of the charm of this book is that he enjoys comparing what he has found and learned about Provence with his native England and the United States where he also had a home.

I have not read any of his other books about Provence (most famous, A Year in Provence, and Toujours Provence,) but one can’t help but like the man – his style is so upbeat, friendly, and respectful of his subjects, and he avoids strident or angry criticism of that to which he compares the joys of the life he has found in Provence.  He is certainly a connoisseur of the simple but comfortable and civilized life of the small town, the customs and traditions that have grown up over the millennia in Southern France.  This book and his others (I’m sure) share his joy at getting to know and savor life in the region. 

My 25 years in Provence was his last book, published the year he passed at the too-young age of 73. It is written in a very personal, first person style – he, Peter Mayle is telling stories to us, his readers, and reads like a series of short magazine articles in which each chapter shares his experiences and personal impressions on different aspects of life in Provence. 

Mayle offers us short chapters with titles such as: “The pulse of the village,” “Learning French, Inch by Inch,”  “La Politesse Française.”   He has other chapters which are simply personal stories which share some of the highlights of his life living in Provence.  For example, Mayle was awarded the Legion d’Honneur for the positive impact that his books have had on France and Provence.  His chapter “A Gift from Napoleon” not only shares with us what that award means and its origins, but how he found out that he’d been selected to receive it, and the charming aftermath.  His chapter “Dinner at the Èlysée Palace” shares what it was like being one of the 200 people invited in 2004 to a dinner hosted by the President of France (Jacques Chirac at the time) and Queen Elizabeth II to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the Entente Cordiale between France and Great Britain.

The easy going, civilized, relaxed and comfort-loving life that Mayle describes is appealing to me – to a point. As an American, and some may say, a rather driven one, I couldn’t live that way for long.  I am also drawn to intense, unforgiving, and less comfortable endeavors to test myself, grow, and learn.  That side of life is not reflected in Mayle’s book, nor does it appear was he someone drawn to such challenges. I do enjoy the civilized life, but I believe it is enjoyed best in interludes,  and in contrast to more primal and challenging environments.  I can enjoy the 4 or 5 star Hotel that much more,  knowing intimately also how to live out of a rucksack, in a tent in the mountains, in the wind, rain, and cold, cooking my meals over a camp stove.

My 25 years in Provence was perfect for what I was looking for on this bike tour – a light and enjoyable book to read evenings and mornings, before cycling during the days in the environs of Avignon in Provence.  And I truly enjoyed Mayle’s writing – and would enjoy reading more of his books, not only for his light touch and poetic language but also to re-experience some of the joys I touched in my bike tour through Provence.  He also has written a couple of mystery/crime novels which also apparently reflect his joie de vivre and positive approach to the civilized and easy going lifestyle in Southern France and the Mediterranean.

Why this book: My friend Doug recommended it to me. After looking at it and starting to read it, I convinced several of my friends to read it with me, in order that we could meet on zoom and discuss it.

Summary in 3 Sentences:  McFate argues that war has changed, but we in the US and the West have not evolved our thinking to fit the new reality, and continue to use old and outmoded approaches to respond to current versions of warfare.  He argues that today we seldom see war as state-sponsored military-on-military conflict, but there is extensive ongoing warfare in the model he outlines, noting that we are at war now, whether we realize it or not.  Today, war is much more subtle and insidious, and no longer fits traditional or conventional paradigms of the first half of the 20th century, and he warns that if we in the US and the West fail to recognize that and fail to adjust to the new reality of warfare, we will be (are being)  strategically outmaneuvered by our adversaries.  

My Impressions:  What a thought provoking and extremely relevant book. It is short, pithy, easy and engaging to read, and it  definitely grabbed my attention.  He is provocative, and occasionally even incendiary.  His thesis is that the paradigm for “war” has changed, yet our leaders, our military industrial complex, our society is still thinking in terms of the old paradigm – that war is one state pitting its military against that of another state in search of victory.  He is arguing that version of warfare is no longer how war is fought.  In fact we are already at war in a new paradigm, which he describes in this book. And he points out that the “new” paradigm is not really so new – it has been around in different forms for centuries.

The book begins with a forward by Gen Stan McChrystal who asks the question: How do we create strategically adaptable leaders in a world afraid of change?  McFate then launches into a couple of brief chapters that explain how and why things have changed and how and why we in America have missed the changes.  He states; “No one fights “conventionally” anymore –  except us.” p5 and “Those stuck in the traditional mind-set will probably not even recognize future conflicts as wars at all, until it is too late.”  p6

 It would be easiest for me to summarize his points by looking individually at his ten new rules of war, to each of which he devotes a separate chapter: 

Rule 1:  Conventional War is Dead – In this chapter McFate gives us a brief history of state-on-state warfare that followed the Peace of Westphalia, evolving to the Geneva Convention and other mechanisms designed to create rules to manage war, rules which he argues are obsolete – since the main instigators of “war” as he describes it, don’t follow them. He argues that our expensive weapons and military infrastructure are designed for a war that is obsolete. He says that nothing is more unconventional these days than conventional war and  argues for more Special Operations Forces (SOF,) but he says, SOF also needs “rebalancing” with more focus on working in the political and soft-power arenas, and the nation needs to make better use of other less violent tools of national power.  He quotes Gen Jim Mattis to Congress: “If you don’t fund the State department fully, then I need to buy more ammunition ultimately.”  p42

Rule 2:  Technology Will Not Save Us. The hyper-expensive F35 is the bête noir of this chapter and he  says that “People want cool stuff, rather than weapons that work.” p 46.  “Low tech – so easy to obtain and so difficult to defeat – will form the future’s weapons of choice.” p46 He argues against the “Third Offset Strategy” which intends to give us robotics and artificial intelligence which  it is claimed will be the answer to future warfare problems, but also will feed billions of dollars into the high-tech defense industry. “Intelligent humans will always find a way to outfox smart weapons” p56 McFate says, arguing that we should invest more in people. He concludes  “This does not suggest we forsake sophisticated gear, but we should stop worshipping it….War is armed politics, and seeking a technical solution to a political problem is folly.”  p57

Rule 3: There is No Such Thing as War or Peace – Both coexist, always.  In this chapter he makes the point that traditionalists see a duality between war and peace and that others – especially China – use this against us.  While we may not be engaged in military vs military or state-on-state warfare, we have to recognize and combat these more subtle forms of warfare that undermine our national security.  He offers many examples of how China is “playing” the US, using the media against us, controlling the narrative of our differences, and he uses a term new to me  “..’lawfare’ .a form of combat against the international rules-based order” p69 which is an element or version of “war”  that doesn’t fit into traditional concepts of warfare.  He notes that the US has no recognizable “grand strategy” that addresses how we defend against and/or use these subtler forms of power that one country uses to gain strategic advantages over another.  

 Rule 4: Hearts and Minds Do Not Matter  McFate argues against traditional Counter-insurgency (COIN)  doctrine which calls for winning hearts and minds, nation building and developing “legitimacy.”   He said it has failed the US at every turn. That may not appeal to our sense of fairness, morality and justice, but he gives multiple examples to make his case.  He says that insurgencies are like armed social movements, and he notes that populations are not bribable – people will take your stuff, but not  your ideology.  “Legitimacy in societies like Iraq and Afghanistan is conferred by …political Islam.” p 94  “In the end, effective COIN is brutal and heartless – the opposite of Petraeus’s warm and fuzzy version. ” p97  He proposes that we consider creating a type of “foreign legion” to represent the US in “zones of disorder” to avoid “inept proxy militias, wily contractors, and American casualties.”  p102

Rule 5: The Best Weapons Do Not Fire Bullets  In this chapter McFate makes the point that influence is more effective than blunt force and traditional deterrence by military force is obsolete. “To eliminate jihadism you need to delegitimize the ideology.” p 109  He talks about weaponizing influence by monitoring and understanding your target, discrediting fake news, alternative facts, trolls, etc, and counter-attacking with our own messages delivered in a way that is effective in the target culture.  Here, “Tone may be more important than information” p111  He advocates “velvet regime change” and that we seek to undermine and corrupt overly strict moral values that run against human nature in target cultures.  “Who cares about the sword when you can influenc the hand that wields it” he asks.

Rule 6: Mercenaries Will Return A fascinating chapter that points to the long history of mercenaries working for the highest bidder in war, and he describes how mercenaries continue to play a key role in international influence and war.  “Private military companies, private security contractors, or just contractors –  it’s all euphemism.  If you are an armed civilian paid to do military things in a foreign conflict zone, you’re a mercenary.” p121 He lays out the fascinating history of mercenaries (“the second oldest profession”)and addresses the objections many people have to them.  “Mercenaries are butchers, while soldiers make innocent mistakes,” p122 and “People view soldiers like wives, and mercenaries like prostitutes.” p 124 

He points to how the US has unabashedly hired contractors and private military companies to do their work overseas, and that everybody seems to be doing it – because it makes sense from many perspectives.  Provocatively he predicts that “future American wars may be fully outsourced.” 131.  The challenge is that mercenaries make the option of force and forceful deterrence an option for any entity with  enough money since “…renting force is cheaper than owning it.”p125  He also notes that “..for-profit warriors constitute a wholly different genus and species of fighter….Unsurprisingly, mercenaries do not fight conventionally.”  133.

Rule 7: New Types of World Powers Will Rule   In this chapter, McFate points to the weakening power of the traditional nation state, and  builds on the last chapter’s point that military force is no longer the sole prerogative of the nation state.   And he notes that “most of the world’s 194 states are fragile…” p149  and are vulnerable to internal insurrections funded by internal or external sources.  “The illusion of states may continue on maps but not in reality, as new types of powers slowly take over.” p149  He again derides our nation- building strategies, arguing that “countries are not machines that can be built.” p 150

“The use of private force will expand in the decades to come, because nothing is in place to stop its growth, and in so doing, it will turn the super-rich into potential superpowers.” p146  “When anyone can hire mercenaries to wage war, the ultra-rich can become a new kind of power in world affairs… War is becoming marketized, and mercenary supply will attract new demand” p151 and he points out that organized criminals are becoming increasingly wealthy and constitute new potential power brokers.  

He concludes the chapter with a discussion of “deep states,” distinguishing between conspiracies – powered by individuals, and deep states – driven by institutional actors. “Conspiracies seek to undermine the system, while deep states seek to hijack it. Conspiracies hide in the shadows, while deep states operate in the open.” p161  In the US he points to the military industrial complex as a deep state alliance among the military, the arms industry that supplies it, and Congress.   He warns that “When a deep state is threatened, it does not go gentle into that good night. It attacks.” p169 And he points to how deep states have centralized power and authority in autocracies in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Egypt.    Is the US vulnerable?

Rule 8: There Will Be Wars without States  He begins this chapter by pointing to Mexico, noting that “cartels are not street gangs but regional superpowers.” p177  He makes the point that wars fought for money and material gain have not been considered “war” by “experts,” but he believes that is a mistake. “The irrational distinction between war and criminality is killing Mexicans daily.” p176 He notes that “Traditionalists cannot contemplate wars without states…most of wars in Africa fall into this hazy category, and most of the world’s wars are in Africa….Africa shows us the future of war.”  

Privatizing war changes warfare in profound ways, and conventional strategists who fail to grasp this will get their troops killed.  “The availability of private force lowers the barriers of entry into armed conflict for those who can afford it, tempting even more war.” p188

Seeing private wars as a business proposition, at the conclusion of the chapter McFate offers to those who wish to purchase or rent military power (demand side) strategies for for winning a privately financed war, and then separately, a list of strategies for force providers (supply side – mercenaries and contractors) for making sure they win in the negotiation and outcome, noting that Wall Street will recognize these strategies as everyday business practices. 

Rule 9: Shadow Wars Will Dominate In this chapter, he uses Putin and Russia as the primary example of masters of the shadow war.   “Shadow wars are fought by weaponizing information.” p201 and points to “troll factories” and bots that drown out legitimate content.  “For shadow warriors, the media is not a liability but an opportunity.”  p203 

This chapter extols the wisdom of Sun Tzu, and he provides a whole section on how Clausewitz, the god of Western military thinkers, is obsolete.  “Subversion will be everything in future wars.” p203  He quotes Sun Tzu extensively advising “don’t fight your enemies – outfox them. Done well, this approach manipulates the enemy in order to create vulnerabilities you can exploit.” p204   In this type of warfare, information supremacy is supreme and recognizes that the cunning mind is superior to the martial one – noting that this is NOT the Western, nor the American way of war.  In the battle for influence, “plausible deniability is the shadow warrior’s weapon of choice” p207 especially when using civilians as targets and exploiting a nation’s respect for human rights.   He argues that “the laws of war have devolved into a punch line…” saying that “the rise of shadow wars will be the dominant form of warfare in the decades ahead.” p208

He gives some examples of options that the West should consider to be able to play effectively in the international shadow war arena, to include facilitating corruption in our adversaries and reconsidering the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act that puts the US, UK and other Western powers at a great disadvantage in the international market place. But he also notes that “The West needs to learn how to fight in the shadows without losing its soul,  or it will continue to get sucker punched by autocracies.” p212   He concludes that “Power no longer comes out of a barrel of a gun, but rather from the complicated shadows.” p218

Rule 10 Victory Is Fungible.   McFate repeats his dictum that “War is armed politics, which means that victory is as much political as military.” p222  “There are easier ways to win than open warfare, and such strategies do not require a big military or even a military at all…This is how David defeats Goliath.” p223  He quotes Henry Kissinger, “The guerrilla wins if he does not lose.  The conventional army loses if it does not win.” p229 He offers a formula for how a militarily weaker adversary can defeat a much stronger one if certain pre-conditions exist – drawing lessons learned from the mistakes the US has made over the last 70 years to outline  his prescription.   

He then goes on to argue that in recent wars,  the US has focused on tactical victory at the expense of strategic victory, and this has cost us dearly. ” Failure to translate military victories into political ones equals defeat, and this is how big militaries lost in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan.” p233  He echoes McChrystal in pointing to how tactical warfare is complicated and military leaders are taught to win by applying formulaic solutions appropriate to complicated problems, but inadequate to the complexity of effective strategy.  Strategic victory is complex which requires a different type of thinking – which he argues requires more of an artist’s mentality than a scientists. “In systems theory, complicated systems can be solved, while complex ones cannot.” p236 

He concludes the chapter noting that “an agile strategic mind is more important than smart bombs, gee-whiz technology, or numerical superiority. None of these things win war without a quality strategy behind them.  War artists can win the future, if we cultivate them.” p 240

Concluding Chapter – Winning the Future. McFate’s final chapter reiterates the points of his last chapter about the need for broader strategic thinking, and re-thinking what war has become and how it is currently being fought by our adversaries.  He says  “..war has moved beyond lethality.” p245 

A few quotes from the final chapter (and a few earlier ones) that make the key points of McFate’s book:  

“The solution is to reimagine war and change the way we think. Only then will solutions present themselves.”  p 176

“Conventional war has become a relic, like a pay phone, and studies show that deaths in modern wars are overwhelmingly civilian.”  p81

“Warfare is ever changing and we must adapt or die.” p213

“In the information age, anonymity is the weapon of choice.” p246

“Shadow war is attractive to anyone who wants to wage war without consequences, and that’s everyone. That is why  it will grow.” p 246

“Future wars will not begin and end; instead, they will hibernate and smolder. Occasionally, they will explode.” p246

“We should invest in people rather than machines, since cunning triumphs over brute force, and since technology is no longer decisive on the battlefield.” p247

“Attempting to reverse disorder is a Sisyphean task because such disorder is the natural condition of world affairs – again..” p247

“War is going underground, and the West must follow by developing its own version of shadow warfare.”  p248

“Victory will be won and lost in the information space, not on the physical battlefield.”  p248

“Today, bastards do not die for their country; they die for their religion, their ethnic group, their clan, money , or war itself.” p249

“…it is the nature of militaries to resist change.  Many generals are rigid in their understanding of war, how it should be waged, and how it should be won….warfare evolves before fighters do.”  p250

Why this book: Recommended by my friend Chris in my literature reading group. Chris is a retired intel professional and said he found this novel powerful and recommended it for something different. So we agreed and selected it for our July discussion.  

Summary in 3 Sentences:  The book begins in the Basque region of Spain during the Spanish Civil War, with a male Russian undercover agent feeling an attraction to a female British undercover agent  – each representing their home country’s efforts to report on and influence the outcome of the civil war.  These two serendipitously run into each other again, but this time in Moscow in 1937 during Stalin’s purges, where our Russian is a mid-level executive with the NKVD carrying out the ugly work of the purges,  and our Brit is undercover as a language teacher trying to get insights for Britain about what is happening in Moscow. Through a series of painful episodes, they become involved with each other, their relationship and their lives are extremely strained and constrained and we get insight into the horrors of Stalin’s purges through their experiences and efforts to survive and protect each other. 

My Impressions:  A powerful book about a horrific time in Russia’s history. It was dark, and is not pleasant to read about and confront the horrors of Gestapo-like brutality and power in the hands of men who have become dulled to the pain and suffering of others.  But indeed it is a fascinating look at this very unpleasant side of humanity, and what it does to those carrying out murder on behalf of state.   

Kostya Nikto (“Nikto” is Russian for “nobody”) our male protagonist was an orphan on the streets of Odessa and owes his life to an older and senior member of Stalin’s NKVD, and therefore feels abiding loyalty to the state and his surrogate father.  As a human being, this loyalty erodes as he sees how thin the veneer of justice is on the horrors he is compelled to  commit and support on behalf of the state.    He struggles to come to terms with the legal executions he is compelled to commit as part of his “duty” – alcohol and drugs help dull his senses, and these are the refuges of many in his line of work.  In his world, he has to accept the willingness of his comrades to accuse and report on each other to gain personal advantage and promotion.  He is further confused by the feeling of love and sacrifice that he feels for the British woman Temerity – who goes by several different names in the book.

Temerity West (or Nadia, or Margaret, depending on the context) is a gifted, intelligent, ambitious agent for British intelligence MI6, and after her encounter with Kostya in Spain, volunteers for a tough assignment in Soviet Russia, and soon finds herself in over her head in the Moscow in 1937.  She is undercover as a language teacher, part of a group of COMINTERN volunteers who believed Soviet propaganda about the worker’s paradise that Stalin had created, and are living in a Moscow dormitory teaching different languages to the youth of Russia.   She, like the others, were constantly under surveillance and suspicion of being spies, or reactionaries, and were subject to the same arbitrary arrests, interrogations, and executions as Soviet citizens.   When she is picked up on the street as an attractive young woman out walking alone, and kidnapped to be part of a “dessert party” for senior NKVD officials, her situation become dire, and at the party, her erstwhile companion Kostya coincidentally at the party recognizes her, and at great risk to himself, is able to spirit her away. 

The remainder of the book is about their fraught relationship, their co-dependence in an environment where if either is compromised, they both die. 

Though it is very well written, it is not easy to look at the brutality that surrounds and threatens them in Moscow during Stalin’s purges.  That said, the ethical issues were palpable, and the discussion our reading group had of this book was among the more interesting we’ve had in a long time.   In this book,  we see what can happen when a regime or any government attains total power without checks and balances, and the whims and favors of the powerful (men in this case) cannot be challenged. 

Some of the interesting aspects of this book:

• Beauty and ugliness. The incongruity of the horrors of random arrests and executions of citizens, and experimenting on human prisoners for medical purposes (very Nazi-Germany-like) contrasted with the beautiful music of Tschaikowski, Prokofiev and others played on the radio.
• Personal power. When Kostya was issued his revolver, he felt a new sense of power and strength.   “A starving bezpriznorik (stray dog) held the life of a wealthy herring merchant. Was it so easy to obtain and exercise power, to solve problems, take revenge soothe humiliation and pain?  It felt better than a hit of vodka.” (p205)
• Reality and Fantasy.  Throughout the book the two protagonists evoked and exchanged references to the images and characters from Russian children’s folk tales.
• Special Cleaning Crews were always on hand to clean up the blood and carnage in the offices and other public and governmental spaces after a murder or a suicide.
• Duty and Compulsion –  The concepts of “duty and compulsion”  were regularly discussed as two forces that drove the actions of the key players.  In fact the two concepts were conflated – one was seen compelled to do one’s duty. Temerity  argued for the concept of freedom and free will; Kostya responded that there is no such thing –  people are driven by externals -a combination of duty and compulsion, though there may be “theoretical choices.” “Where is the duty in choice?… True obedience hurts less in the end.” (p 279)
• Intersections of power. Kostya’s surrogate father warned him to “find the intersections of power and adapt.” (p206)  A very Machiavellian perspective – even the lowly clerks have some power that intersects with the power of the senior bureaucrats.  The wise and nimble bureaucratic operator cultivates those intersections to his own advantage. 
• Bureaucracy in the extreme. No one was trusted. Permission was necessary to take even the smallest step, and two or three person integrity and permission was required to take nearly every step, to approve nearly every decision.  There was always someone who could snitch on you to their own advantage.
• Change and the shifting nature of power.  Kostya’s surrogate father repeatedly reminds him that “The steppe gives up in patches to forest, and forest gives up in patches to tundra, yet in places where you see no change, all the differences blend. Power works like that.”  
• It’s not murder if it’s following the law.
• Neither love nor duty drove her.  Purpose had fled. (p431)

In the midst of evil perpetrated by regular people, acting out of fear and duty as tools of a powerful state, we also saw acts of love and courage. In our group, we discussed the interesting ways in which we saw “love” manifested in this novel – differently than what one traditionally sees in literature, but there none the less.  It was interesting and reassuring to  see manifestations of love in the midst of the “banality of evil.”  The love story between Kostya and Temerity is also not a traditional love story – two damaged and yet courageous souls struggling to find a connection that has meaning and is deeper than the expedient and transactional relationships that had become the currency in a culture of fear and obligation.  

I and the others in our group had some issues with the style of the publishing.  Quotation marks were abandoned for the use of he dash (-), the new chapters and titles deserved  greater prominence, and we all found a number of typos and editing issues.  Goose Lane who published this interesting novel did not do it well.  That said, though it was not a pleasant read, I’ll agree with my friend Chris – it does certainly evoke an emotional response and poses thought provoking questions about how much evil would one do and be  accountable, under the authority of the state, and under the threat of torture and execution?  

Really glad I read it. Won’t soon forget it.  But I’ll be selective to whom I recommend it.  

Why this book: I’m in a SEAL reading group and one of our sessions was a pick-your-own-book in the genre of explorations, discovery, survival.  I had read and been fascinated by Shackleton’s Endurance experience and of two failed American attempts to find the North Pole (Trial By Ice, and Kingdom of Ice) and so this one intrigued me  as well.  I was surprised when I bought it that the book is in two volumes. I bought the first volume, read it, then the read the second. 

Summary in 4 Sentences:  Roald Amundsen is best known for being the first man to the South Pole, but before that, he planned and completed the first transit by ship, from the Atlantic to the Pacific via the northern route – that is the famous “North West Passage.”  They began in Norway, with their crew of six on a Norwegian reinforced fishing boat, transited to Greenland and then north and west,  finding their route through the narrow passages well north of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Circle eventually around Point Barrow to Nome Alaska.  It took them 3 years and three winters in Canada, enabled by extensive interactions with and support from native Eskimos in the area. Their mission included extensive scientific studies and collection of data on everything from magnetic fields, weather patterns, plant and animal life, and of course,  Native American customs, language and culture. 

My impressions:  This book in two volumes is a fascinating and easy read. But it is not well published – it is a rebinding of what appears to be a photo copy of a long out-of-print original edition – to include notes and underlines and there are even sections with the pages out of order. On Amazon, the publishers claimed to have wanted to preserve the original flavor of Amundsen’s work, which sounded like an excuse to not tidy up and improve the layout – the lay reader needs help from the publisher to put together a quality experience.  That said, if one is interested in the heroes of the age of polar exploration, this is a good one to read  – as it is one of the most important experiences that prepared Amundsen to achieve his greatest and most famous success of being the first man to reach the South Pole. And it is written in a very conversational style – Amundsen’s personality,  feelings and perspectives shine through his narrative.

This book is Amundsen’s own account of the expedition, in his words and very much personalized. – clearly written based on diaries that included the immediacy of his feelings as the events happened, or shortly thereafter.  Volume 1 begins with a brief account of his childhood and the origins of his dreams of becoming an explorer, the steps he took to prepare himself, then the building of support, financial and otherwise, purchase of their fishing schooner Gjøa, outfitting it with what he thought they’d need, and assembling his team of six. Quickly the narrative gets into the trip across the North Atlantic, time spent and impressions of Greenland before he and his team crossed over to the North American continent and began their attempt to reach the Pacific via the up-to-then mythical North West Passage.

The book was clearly written not only for the lay person but also as a guide to future explorers and navigators.  Amundsen made extensive use of notes, charts and information he gleaned from the records of the multitude of unsuccessful attempts in the previous century to find the North West Passage, and he wanted to pay it forward to assist future explorers similarly, with maps, data, and lessons learned.  He gives details that were way more than I needed about shoal waters, landmarks, and descriptions of the various inlets and channels on their meandering through the confused, uncharted waters and passages as they found their way from East to West.  A great shortcoming of the books (both Vol 1 and 2) is the lack of maps to show where the various islands and waters were that he described.  I was regularly going to Wikipedia to find what I  could about places he named well north of Hudson Bay and well above the arctic circle where this story takes place.  Gjøahavn where they spent two winters is actually now a small town with a museum dedicated to Amundsen and his team.

I am not a sailor, nor do I have much background in Arctic sea travel.  The two years they wintered in Gjøahavn was to me the most interesting part of the book. Though they were all Norwegians familiar with cold weather, enduring the extremes of this area with no support from civilization were well beyond their experience.  As they were struggling to figure things out, they encountered and befriended the local Eskimos of various tribes, and during these two years, the Norwegians and Eskimos got to know each other quite well.  It is safe to say that Amundsen and his team may not have succeeded, may not even have survived without the help from and collaboration with the Eskimos. 

The Eskimos they encountered, while supportive, were very much interested in profiting from the relationship as well, and they did.  There was a brisk trade between explorers and Eskimos, the two cultures developing a truly symbiotic relationship.  Amundsen and his crew got food, information, guidance and expertise, clothing appropriate to the environment and manpower when they needed it, while the Eskimos attained much needed metal implements, weapons for hunting and other Western tools that helped them in their way of life.  Simple things that we take for granted, such as metal needles, matches, and nails were of enormous value to the Eskimos.  Both Norwegian and Eskimo were eager to learn from and about the other.  Amundsen and most of his crew learned the fundamentals of the Eskimo language, while the Eskimos learned a bit of English and Norwegian, and together they spoke a sort of mixed patois.  With good will and effort on both sides, it didn’t take long for them to be communicating quite well and enjoying each other’s company.  After nearly two years, when it was time for the Gjøa to head west, it was a sad parting for both sides. 

In his  writing, Amundsen clearly took great pleasure in sharing his fascination with the people and culture of those who were living not much differently than had their ancestors had for millennia. Both volumes provide a number of B&W photos, mostly of Eskimos, but also of the crew of the Gjøa and some of the environment.  The quality of photos published in photocopy is poor.  While Amundsen clearly respected Eskimo ingenuity and resilience, he wasn’t shy about sharing his Northern European prejudices against what he viewed as poor hygiene and lack of cleanliness and orderliness.  He noted how different tribes seemed to have different personalities and cultures, but he detected no violence between them in competition for hunting or fishing areas – there seemed to be plenty of land, and surviving the climate and weather was a full time job – leaving little energy or resources for fighting.  

One of the goals of the expedition was to obtain scientific data on this little explored part of the world, and whenever they were on land, they were measuring magnetic variations at various distances from the magnetic North Pole,  sending teams north to measure magnetic  variations as close to the pole as they could get. They were also measuring gravitational impact on magnetism, as well as weather, tides and currents, ice flows, animal migration patterns.  Underway they were mapping and recording their routes, depths, ice flow patterns, landmarks etc for future navigators.  

Volume 2 begins with the Gjøa leaving Gjøahavn in the summer of 1904 and heading west.   After months of fighting their way westward thru ice and narrow passages, it was a noteworthy day when they saw their first ship in the waters on or near the Beaufort sea north of Canada and Alaska – American whalers from the West Coast.  They had progressed far enough to the west to select a winter-over location not far from Hershel Island off the north coast of Canada, just east of the Alaskan border, where several whaling ships were wintering.  During the nine months that they were there entirely blocked in by ice, they were in regular contact with the whalers,  which gave them access to many more resources, as well as the insights experienced whalers could offer them about navigating those waters.  

During that third winter they continued to have interactions with local Eskimos but not to the extent that they had during their first two winters in Gjøahavn. The Eskimos in this region had already been in regular contact with whalers, and by this time, Amundsen and his team were pretty well adapted to living north of the Arctic circle.  Amundsen sadly noted that the happiness of an Eskimo tribe seemed to be in inverse proportion to the amount of contact they’d had with white westerners. 

After leaving their third winter during the very short summer of 1905, heading west to complete their transit to the Pacific along the North Coast of Canada and Alaska on the Arctic Sea, pack ice was their greatest obstacle and concern. They only had a couple of months – after early/mid October there was no more opportunity to sail. 

Within his narrative, Amundsen included (in Vol 1) a brief history of previous unsuccessful efforts to find the North West passage, which provided him with much information and background that helped him succeed.  One of those previous expeditions, the famous and ill-fated Franklin expedition disappeared and no one survived – and though Amundsen and other explorers found remnants and bones of some of those on the expedition, there is only speculation about their fate.   In Vol 2 he provides a brief history of American whaling in the waters off Alaska and Northern Canada as well. 

The degree that this team seemed to work together and support each other, living and working in very close quarters for 3 years was remarkable. Impressive leadership, different from Shackleton, but perhaps steadier.   Before they departed Gjøahavn heading west into unknown waters,  Amundsen wrote, “We all knew we were going to have a rough time of it, but the splendid relations which had always existed between us so strongly united us that although we were only seven, we were not easily discouraged.” p100 Vol 2 (Note – they had taken on an Eskimo to be part of their crew.) Or in another passage he noted that everyone had to be ready to help everyone else and step out of their lane if the expedition needed it. He said that, “In difficult situations we shared trouble and hardships in brotherly unity, and all rejoiced with one heart when difficulties were surmounted.”  p 275 Vol 2

There were two stories I found particularly interesting, having read several accounts (by Michener, Jack London, Robert Service) of travel with dogs over long distances in the Yukon territory during the Klondike gold rush.  There is a whole chapter in Volume 2 in which Amundsen describes his several hundred mile trip by dog sled accompanying a mail run from the whaling ships off Hershel Island south to Fort Yukon Alaska. At the end of Volume 2, there is a supplement written by 1st Lt Godfred Hansen, Amundsen’s 2nd in charge,  describing the nearly two month trip he and his partner made with dogs over snow and ice from Gjøahavn to explore farther north, to do scientific measurements and see what was there.  

There is much in these two volumes to fascinate people of many interests.  The story will capture history, adventure and exploration buffs like myself, while arctic sailors and polar explorers will revel in the detail of how Amundsen and his crew navigated Gjøa thru ice, wind, fog, shoals and currents.  Arctic and winter camping buffs will be fascinated with what Amundsen and his team learned from the Eskimos on building ice shelters and igloos, survival in the arctic, and details on expedition equipment. Hunters will enjoy hearing how they hunted reindeer, deer, polar bears, seals, arctic hares, lemmings – pretty much anything that moved and could live in that environment and could provide nourishment.  Dog lovers will be interested in how they managed and treated the dogs they brought and traded with the Eskimo – the dogs were a key to their success, and later to Amundsen’s success at the South Pole. 

All that said, these two volumes need to be republished for modern readers, with maps, better photos, and footnotes to better help us enjoy and learn from this experience. Amundsen’s writing is easy and enjoyable to read and it adds significantly to my appreciation of the era of arctic and antarctic exploration, a bit over a century ago.  

Why this book: I heard first about Alexandra David-Neel in James Nestor’s  book Breath, in which he described how she kept herself warm while traveling in the Himalayas in Tibet by a special type of breathing.  I looked her up and she must be one of the most amazing women of the 20th century.

Summary in 4 Sentences: This is Alexandra David-Neel’s personal account of her trip on foot through the Himalayas to become the first western woman to visit Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. She had spent years living in Tibet, spoke the language fluently and had several times tried to visit Lhasa, but had been turned back each time because it was off limits to foreign women.  At age 55, in 1923, she decided to give it another bold attempt (in winter!), and this is her account of her several-months-long pilgrimage disguised as a peasant woman, with her adopted son, a Tibetan llama from a well respected sect, and their many close calls, struggles, hardships and adventures along the way to finally achieving her lifelong dream.

My impressions: This is an amazing story told in the first person by a most intrepid woman who, already very well versed in the history and culture of Tibet, chose to undertake a very risky and challenging trip through lawless and uncharted mountains of the Himalayas in  winter to fulfill her dream of visiting Lhasa.   Accompanying her was only her adopted son Yongden – a Tibetan llama with whom she’d already traveled through much of Tibet, India  and China.  I was amazed at her physical and mental hardiness and stamina as she and Yongden powered through a series of stunning trials and tribulations, challenges with snow, extreme weather, robbers, a very limited diet and sometimes days without any food between remote villages, with only what they carried on their backs, sleeping outside on the ground much of the time, eating very little, and having few creature comforts. 

They were both extremely cautious and scrupulous about not doing anything that would draw attention to themselves or appear to be anything other than what they  presented themselves to be – a penniless lama with his old peasant mother on a spiritual pilgrimage to Lhasa. This required her to eschew all western comforts, to quietly accept the humiliations of poverty, to humbly beg for food and shelter, and when that was not forthcoming, to do without, sometimes for days, as she and Yongden hiked through often trackless  and snow covered mountain passes and forests with no maps, no protection from wild animals or brigands, sometimes unable to find water, and often not sure where they were.  It took them several months, and they had quite a few adventures and close calls along the way.

Alexandra David-Neel was born in Belgium in the late 1860s, had had a fascination with Buddhism since she was young, and eventually found her way to the Far East where she studied Tibetan language, culture religion, mythology for decades and became well known to other literati well versed in these esoteric fields, including elite Tibetans themselves.  But as a westerner, and as  a woman, she was restricted in what she could do. With her force of personality and her intellect she broke through some of these barriers, but Lhasa was off limits.  This trip was her most ambitious ordeal and most audacious initiative. 

Her story is not simply about the challenges of her travel.  She enjoys telling stories of her interactions with the people she encountered along the way in the remote mountain villages of Tibet.  The farther she got into Tibet, the less likely she felt that people would suspect her of being a foreigner.   But she was always very careful.  She darkened her skin with dirt and soot, she blackened her hair with dye, and had a braid of black yak hair braided into her otherwise short hair – all to make her look like a common old peasant woman.  For shelter on their journey they sought old animal shelters, caves, or protected areas in the forest. In the villages they begged for and often got shelter from villagers, sometimes with the animals, sometimes sleeping with the family on the floor in the kitchen.  The living conditions in the remote villages in the Himalayas was quite  austere for those who lived there – it was especially austere for someone accustomed to Western comforts and hygiene begging for whatever these villagers were willing to give them    And often times they were turned away, sometimes had dogs sicked on them.  

She noted how western senses of privacy were unknown among the villagers she stayed with – there was very little of it, even for the most private matters of personal hygiene, to which she had to accommodate herself to appear accustomed to these living patterns.  Yongden was usually the star guest as he belonged to a Tibetan sect which was well known for having a sixth sense connecting him to the occult, magic and prophecies.  Wherever they went, he was asked to provide insights and answers to dilemmas, while Alexandra quietly sat and observed.  His talent and clever use of this skill got them out of many a tight situation, and allowed our narrator to sit quietly and inconspicuously in the shadows, and watch and listen .  

Throughout the book she instructs the reader through her own experiences about the culture of Tibet and of Tibetan Buddhism. We learn about how the poor villagers live, about various sects of Buddhism and how lamas are viewed.  She shares her perspectives on the faults and strengths of the culture and the people. She also regularly shared her inspiration from the beauty of the world through which she was travelling, describing breathtaking mountains and valleys that took her breath, and her fatigue away.

Eventually she and Yongden arrived in Lhasa, and her narrative changes tone. She spent two months there, still very concerned about being found out and evicted – so she continued to play the dumb, poor old peasant woman.   She and Yongden stayed in a ramshackle stable with some other poor pilgrims on the outskirts of Lhasa, and the stories she tells of the drunken quarreling of their stable-mates reminded me of Chaucer.  She loved what she found in Lhasa, having studied it for years, and her joy at being there for the new year in January, was palpable – she was able to participate with the other pilgrims in all the new years ceremonies, parades and festivities.  

After two months there, she headed back, a shorter route, and she didn’t have to be as concerned about being found out – if an official found out who she was, he couldn’t take her visit to Lhasa away from her. So she allowed herself a bit more comfort on the way out, and enjoyed sharing stories of Tibetan superstitions, myths and strange encounters she’d had with a variety of people in that remote part of the world, so different from the West.  

Two things would have made this book better and easier to follow – she uses a lot of Tibetan words that don’t have English equivalents, and though they are defined and explained in the footnotes, they are only explained once, but used again later.  It would have been useful to have had a glossary to refer to of all the words that were defined in footnotes – since a number of them appeared repeatedly, with the assumption that the reader remembered what they meant.  Also there is but one very indistinct and small map in the front of the book.  The book would have been greatly improved with maps of different portions of their journey,  with the various rivers, villages, monasteries and other place-names identified. 

I found the book and the woman fascinating.  I learned so much about a world and culture completely foreign to me –  the Tibet of a hundred years ago.  That world is certainly different now – the introduction to the book provides a painful litany of atrocities, and a description of the cultural genocide that China has inflicted on Tibet in the last 50 years to bring it under Communist Chinese control.  And it continues – I just read an article in the WSJ (July 2021) about current Chinese government efforts to undermine key Tibetan cultural practices in order to make Tibet culturally more Chinese.    But I was fascinated with Alexandra David Neel herself and how she describes this short snippet of her life.  I have ordered a biography of her life – I’m very interested in learning more about the rest of her story. 

Some quotes from the paper back book that will give you a sense for her style and her voice:

What a change from that ovenlike kitchen to the cold air of a frosty night, with a blizzard raging, at fifteen or sixteen thousand feet above sea level! It was not the first time that I had experienced this kind of hospitality. More than once villagers had invited us, treated us to a good supper, and then sent us on the roof or into the courtyard. Nobody apparently thought much of it in Tibet.   p115

For miles we proceeded under cover of gloomy, silent, and mysterious forests. Then, an unexpected clearing suddenly revealed, behind the dark line of tall fir trees, extraordinary landscapes of shining snow-clad mountains, towering high in the blue sky, frozen torrents and glittering waterfalls hanging like gigantic and immaculate curtains from the rugged rocks. We looked at them, speechless and enraptured, wondering if we had not reached the confines of the human world and were confronted with the abode of some genii.p198

We did not always spend the night in the forest.  On reaching hamlets, isolated farms, or monasteries, we often begged hospitality. Sometimes it happened that we were forbidden to enter. More than once we had to defend ourselves against dogs left loose to keep us away…p 198

In Tibet, amongst country folk, the farm always includes a number of rooms, but none of them has a really special purpose. Wool, grain, provisions, ploughs, and so on fill the different parts of the house, and for the most part, the family’s general living and sleeping room is the kitchen. p 213

Tibetans have lost much in parting with China . Their sham independence profits only a clique of court officials. Most of those who rebelled against the far-off and relaxed Chinese rule regret it nowadays, when taxes, statute labor, and the arrogant plundering of the national soldiery greatly exceed the extortion of their former masters. p262 (note: this was in 1923 only a few years after Tibet broke from China who had treated her as a remote colony, with benign neglect.)

The religious communities in Tibet form little states within the state, of which they are almost entirely independent. All are possessed of lands and cattle. As a rule, they carry on commerce of some kind.  p281

Life vows do not exist among Buddhists, who believe in the fundamental impermanence of all things, and these children may, therefore, return later on to the world and live as laymen without carrying the dis-esteem of their compatriots. Some of them do so, but many, not feeling sufficiently courageous to apprentice themselves to any other career, maintain the habit of the Order without respecting it as they should.  As a rule, these drones of lama-ism, somewhat lazy and gossiping, a trifle too gluttonous and especially too greedy of gain, are charitable and hospitable folks in spite of their faults. 282-3

(on leaving Lhasa) Under the blue luminous sky and the powerful sun of central Asia the intensified colors of the yellow and red procession, the variegated bright hues of the crowd’s dresses, the distant hills shining white, and Lhasa lying on the plain at the food of the huge Potala capped with glittering gold- all these seemed filled with light and ready to burst into flames. Unforgettable spectacle which alone repaid me for my every fatigue and the myriad dangers that I had faced to behold it! p303

Her story of practicing Thumo reskiang – the practice of creating body heat through a breathing practice is briefly described on p134.